Will Marion Cook was a talented musician, conductor, and composer born on January 27, 1869 in Washington, D.C. to John Hartwell Cook and Marion Isabelle Lewis. From 1884 to 1887 Cook studied violin at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music. He then studied abroad for two years from 1887 to 1889 at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik in Germany, training under Heinrich Jacobsen.

Like Harry T. Burleigh, Cook had also studied under Czech composer Antonin Dvorák at New York’s National Conservatory of Music, and was similarly inspired to experiment with compositions that maintained the integrity of the Negro spiritual. In 1898 Cook’s first composed score, for the show Clorindy, the Origin of the Cakewalk, met with critical acclaim. The show’s successful run at the Casino Roof Garden Theatre in New York established Cook as a gifted composer. He made history with Clorindy by becoming the first African American to conduct a white theater orchestra. In 1899 he married Abbie Mitchell, the show’s leading actress. They had two children together, Will and Marion, but separated in 1906.

At the turn of the century, Cook made his mark as a composer with musical comedy productions such as The Casino Girl (1900), The Policy Players (1900), and Jes Lak White Fo’ks (1900). He often wrote for the Williams and Walker Company (WWC), an all-black comedy troupe, The success of his score for their production of In Dahomey (1902-1905) in particular, not only brought Cook even more success, but also established the WWC as the leading black troupe of the decade.

Known for his unique handling of traditional Negro spiritual characteristics within compositions, Cook’s best known songs include Swing Along, Mandy Lou, Red Red Rose, Exhortation: A Negro Sermon, and Nobody Knows the Trouble I See. In addition to musical theater compositions, Cook wrote operas, art songs, and instrumental pieces.

In 1905 Cook began to form his own music groups starting with a jazz band called The Memphis Students and a group of black musician/entertainers called the Clef

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